{"id":585523,"date":"2025-07-28T04:41:56","date_gmt":"2025-07-28T03:41:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.jetbrains.com\/?post_type=kotlin&p=585523"},"modified":"2025-07-28T04:42:04","modified_gmt":"2025-07-28T03:42:04","slug":"modular-ktor-building-backends-for-scale","status":"publish","type":"kotlin","link":"https:\/\/blog.jetbrains.com\/zh-hans\/kotlin\/2025\/07\/modular-ktor-building-backends-for-scale\/","title":{"rendered":"\u6a21\u5757\u5316 Ktor\uff1a\u6784\u5efa\u53ef\u6269\u7f29\u540e\u7aef"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ktor \u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u8f7b\u91cf\u7ea7\u7684\u7075\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u6784\u5efa Web \u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u66f4\u56fa\u6267\u7684\u4e00\u4f53\u5316\u6846\u67b6\u3002 \u867d\u7136 Ktor \u7684\u7b80\u7ea6\u8bbe\u8ba1\u521d\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u53ef\u80fd\u5f88\u6709\u6311\u6218\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u53ea\u8981\u6709\u4e00\u70b9\u4f7f\u7528\u6211\u4eec\u6a21\u5757\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u5bf9\u53ef\u6269\u7f29\u6784\u5efa\u5927\u6709\u5e2e\u52a9\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4f1a\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e00\u4e9b\u5c06\u6a21\u5757\u5316\u5f15\u5165 Ktor \u9879\u76ee\u7684\u6280\u672f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6a21\u5757\u5316\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u91cd\u8981<\/h2>\n

Ktor \u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7aef\u5f00\u53d1\u7684\u70ed\u95e8\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u539f\u56e0\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\u5176\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u6027\u548c\u900f\u660e\u5ea6\u3002\u00a0\u65e0\u9700\u5143\u7f16\u7a0b\u6216\u5927\u91cf\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u7f16\u5199\u4ec5\u9650\u4e8e\u51e0\u4e2a Kotlin \u6e90\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u8fd8\u80fd\u591f\u59cb\u7ec8\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u77e5\u9053\u81ea\u5df1\u6b63\u5728\u4f7f\u7528 HTTP \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u975e\u5e38\u9002\u5408\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u53d1\u5c55\u9879\u76ee\u65f6\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u9884\u6d4b\u672a\u6765\u9700\u6c42\u5e76\u51cf\u8f7b\u5176\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u00a0\u4e3a\u6b64\uff0c\u6700\u597d\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u5c06\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5206\u5272\u6210\u5c0f\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e0d\u4fee\u6539\u6574\u4f53\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u66ff\u6362\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u7247\u6bb5\u3002\u00a0\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u4ece\u5bb9\u6269\u7f29\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u6a21\u5757\u5316<\/em><\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6846\u67b6\u90fd\u5305\u542b\u4e00\u4e9b\u5bf9\u6a21\u5757\u5316\u7684\u4e00\u6d41\u652f\u6301 \u2013 \u901a\u5e38\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e2d\u592e\u6ce8\u518c\u8868\u6765\u5305\u542b\u4e00\u4e9b\u529f\u80fd\u3002\u00a0Ktor \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u6846\u67b6\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f8b\u5916\uff0c\u4e0b\u4e00\u8282\u6211\u5c06\u4ecb\u7ecd Ktor \u4e2d\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6a21\u5757\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/p>\n

Ktor \u4e2d\u7684\u6a21\u5757<\/h2>\n

\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e00\u4e0b\u57fa\u7840\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002<\/p>\n

1. \u4ec0\u4e48\u662f Ktor \u6a21\u5757\uff1f<\/h3>\n

\u7b80\u5355\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u8fd9\u6837\uff1a<\/p>\n

fun Application.moduleName() {\n    \/\/ Add a little functionality\n}<\/pre>\n
\u4f7f\u7528 Ktor 3.2\uff0c\u60a8\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06 suspend<\/strong> \u51fd\u6570\u7528\u4f5c\u6a21\u5757\uff1a<\/p>\n
suspend fun Application.moduleName() {\n    \/\/ Add some functionality with coroutines!\n}<\/pre>\n
\u65e0\u8bba\u54ea\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u6a21\u5757\u90fd\u53ea\u662f\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u542f\u52a8\u65f6\u8fd0\u884c\u7684 Application<\/code> \u7684\u6269\u5c55\u51fd\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n
\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u60a8\u53ef\u80fd\u60f3\u77e5\u9053\u2026<\/p>\n
2. \u4ec0\u4e48\u662f Application<\/strong>\uff1f<\/h3>\n
\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bb9\u5668\uff0c\u5bb9\u7eb3\u5904\u7406\u8bf7\u6c42\u65f6\u6267\u884c\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4e1a\u52a1\u903b\u8f91\u6302\u94a9\u3002\u00a0\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u7ba1\u9053\u5f00\u59cb\u65f6\u6ce8\u5165\u4e00\u4e9b\u65e5\u5fd7\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5728\u54cd\u5e94\u4e2d\u63d2\u5165\u4e00\u4e9b\u7528\u4e8e\u5e8f\u5217\u5316\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u3002<\/p>\n
\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u91cd\u542f\u65f6\uff0cApplication<\/code> \u4f1a\u91cd\u65b0\u521b\u5efa\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6240\u6709 Ktor \u6a21\u5757\u90fd\u4f1a\u91cd\u65b0\u5e94\u7528\u3002 \u5728\u5f00\u53d1\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0b\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u8fdb\u884c\u66f4\u6539\u540e\u4e5f\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u73af\u5883\u548c\u5f15\u64ce\u914d\u7f6e\u4fdd\u6301\u4e0d\u53d8\u3002<\/p>\n
3. \u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528 Ktor \u6a21\u5757\u505a\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f<\/h3>\n
\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u4ece EmbeddedServer<\/code> \u5b9e\u4f8b\u7684 Application<\/code> \u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u5f15\u7528\u6a21\u5757\uff1a<\/p>\n
fun main() {\n    embeddedServer(CIO, port = 8080, host = \"0.0.0.0\", module = Application::module)\n        .start(wait = true)\n}\n\nfun Application.module() {\n    routing {\n        get(\"\/\") {\n            call.respond(\"Hello, World!\")\n        }\n    }\n}<\/pre>\n
\u6216\u8005\uff0c\u60a8\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u5f15\u7528\u6a21\u5757\uff1a<\/p>\n
# application.yaml\nktor:\n  application:\n    modules:\n      - com.example.ApplicationKt.module<\/pre>\n
\u901a\u8fc7\u4ece\u914d\u7f6e\u5f15\u7528\u6a21\u5757\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u66f4\u6539\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u00a0\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ec5\u5728\u751f\u4ea7\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u4e00\u4e9b\u66f4\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4e3a\u6d4b\u8bd5\u73af\u5883\u5305\u542b\u4e00\u4e9b\u8c03\u8bd5\u6302\u94a9\u3002\u00a0\u4e3a\u4e86\u6b63\u786e\u5229\u7528\u8fd9\u4e00\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u6700\u597d\u5c06\u6a21\u5757\u62c6\u5206\u6210\u66f4\u5c0f\u7684\u5355\u5143\u3002<\/p>\n
\u7cbe\u7ec6\u6a21\u5757\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u8bb8\u591a\u6a21\u5757\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u4e00\u6bb5\u7279\u5b9a\u4ee3\u7801\uff0c\u5219\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5e26\u6765\u6311\u6218\u3002\u00a0\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5171\u540c\u8981\u6c42\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u6a21\u5757\u4e4b\u95f4\u91cd\u590d\uff0c\u6216\u8005\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7 Application<\/code> \u5b9e\u4f8b\u5171\u4eab\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u5728\u6a21\u5757\u95f4\u5f15\u5165\u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6a21\u5757\u901a\u5e38\u901a\u8fc7\u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb\u76f8\u4e92\u5173\u8054\uff0c\u4f46\u6ca1\u6709\u660e\u663e\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u5e94\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5173\u8054\u3002\u00a0 \u4e0b\u4e00\u8282\uff0c\u6211\u4f1a\u8bf4\u660e\u5982\u4f55\u5c06\u6a21\u5757\u6302\u63a5\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5173\u8054\u6a21\u5757<\/h2>\n
\u901a\u8fc7\u6a21\u5757\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u7b7e\u540d\uff0c\u5f88\u96be\u770b\u51fa\u6a21\u5757\u4e4b\u95f4\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u8054\u7cfb\uff1a<\/p>\n
fun Application.module(): Unit<\/pre>\n
\u65e2\u6ca1\u6709\u5b9e\u53c2\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u5e73\u53f0\u600e\u4e48\u53ef\u80fd\u628a\u5b83\u4eec\u51d1\u5230\u4e00\u8d77\uff1f<\/p>\n
1. \u4f7f\u7528\u5806\u6808<\/h3>\n
\u5c06\u6a21\u5757\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u6700\u7b80\u5355\u3001\u6700\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5c31\u662f\u50cf\u5bf9\u5f85\u5176\u4ed6\u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u4e00\u6837\u5bf9\u5f85\u6a21\u5757\uff1a<\/p>\n
fun main() {\n    embeddedServer(CIO, port = 8080, host = \"0.0.0.0\") {\n        \/\/ Instantiate your dependency\n        val myService = MyService(property())\n        \/\/ Inject it into your modules as a parameter\n        routingModule(myService)\n        schedulingModule(myService)\n    }.start(wait = true)\n}<\/pre>\n
\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u4efb\u4f55\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u552f\u4e00\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u6a21\u5757\u5728\u7f16\u8bd1\u65f6\u5f3a\u8026\u5408\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u4e0d\u518d\u53ef\u4e92\u6362\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5728\u5355\u4e2a\u4ed3\u5e93\u4e2d\u5de5\u4f5c\u65f6\uff0c\u60a8\u4e0d\u592a\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u53ef\u4e92\u6362\u6a21\u5757\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u591a\u4e2a\u4ed3\u5e93\u548c\u56e2\u961f\u65f6\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u51cf\u5c11\u534f\u8c03\u5f00\u9500\u3002 \u4e3a\u4e86\u907f\u514d\u8fd9\u79cd\u50f5\u5316\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u901a\u7528\u5bb9\u5668\u4f20\u9012\u4f9d\u8d56\u9879\uff0c\u6d88\u9664\u6a21\u5757\u95f4\u5f15\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n
2. Application \u7279\u6027<\/h3>\n
Ktor \u5305\u542b\u4e00\u4e2a\u5185\u7f6e\u5bb9\u5668\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u5728\u6a21\u5757\u548c\u63d2\u4ef6\u4e4b\u95f4\u4f20\u9012\u5f15\u7528\u3002\u00a0\u5b83\u4f4d\u4e8e Application.attributes<\/code> \u5c5e\u6027\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u53ea\u662f\u4fdd\u7559\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u989d\u5916\u7c7b\u578b\u4fe1\u606f\u7684 Map<\/code>\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4ee5\u4e0b\u793a\u4f8b\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528\u7279\u6027\u6620\u5c04\uff1a<\/p>\n
val connectionFactoryKey = AttributeKey(\"ConnectionFactory\")\n\n\/\/ Declaring\nfun Application.database() {\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0attributes[connectionFactoryKey] = PostgresConnectionFactory()\n}\n\n\/\/ Resolving\nfun Application.service() {\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0val connectionFactory = attributes[connectionFactoryKey]\n\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/ Use the connection factory in our service\n}<\/pre>\n
\u501f\u52a9\u8fd9\u79cd\u5173\u8054\u4e0d\u540c\u6a21\u5757\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u6a21\u5757\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u5f15\u7528\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u521b\u5efa\u677e\u6563\u7684\u8026\u5408\u3002\u00a0\u4e3a\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u5f62\u53c2\u5316\u7279\u6027\u952e\u901a\u8fc7\u901a\u7528\u6620\u5c04\u5171\u4eab\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002\u00a0\u8fd9\u5c31\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7279\u6027\u5c5e\u6027\u6210\u4e3a\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u53cd\u8f6c<\/em><\/a> (IoC) \u5bb9\u5668\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8fd9\u79cd\u6280\u672f\u7528\u9014\u76f8\u5f53\u5e7f\u6cdb\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u7f3a\u70b9\uff1a<\/p>\n
    \n
  1. \u5b83\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f4d\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u5171\u4eab\u201ckey\u201d\u53d8\u91cf\u3002<\/li>\n
  2. \u6a21\u5757\u73b0\u5728\u662f\u65f6\u95f4\u8026\u5408\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5fc5\u987b\u6309\u7167\u7279\u5b9a\u987a\u5e8f\u5f15\u7528\u3002<\/li>\n
  3. \u5bf9\u8fdb\u51fa\u6620\u5c04\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u8ddf\u8e2a\u3002<\/li>\n
  4. \u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u662f\u624b\u52a8\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u5373\u4e0d\u652f\u6301\u53cd\u5c04\u3002<\/li>\n
  5. \u6ca1\u6709\u529e\u6cd5\u7ba1\u7406\u8fd9\u4e9b\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
    \u603b\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u5b9e\u4f8b\u6620\u5c04\u53ef\u4ee5\u505a\u5f88\u591a\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u5904\u7406\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u9879\u76ee\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u6709\u4e9b\u4e0d\u8db3\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n
    3. \u5916\u90e8\u5e93<\/h3>\n
    \u4e3a\u4e86\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u75db\u70b9\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5411\u4e00\u4e9b\u6d41\u884c\u7684 Kotlin IoC \u5e93\u3002\u00a0\u672c\u6587\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8be6\u7ec6\u4ecb\u7ecd\u54ea\u4e2a\u5e93\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u54ea\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u4f7f\u7528 Kotlin \u65f6\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u9009\u62e9\u3002<\/p>\n
    \u4e0b\u9762\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b IoC \u5e93\u7684\u793a\u4f8b\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5141\u8bb8\u4f7f\u7528\u58f0\u660e\u5f0f\u65b9\u5f0f\u5728 Ktor \u4e2d\u7684\u6a21\u5757\u4e4b\u95f4\u8fdb\u884c\u5171\u4eab\uff1a<\/p>\n
    Kodein<\/a><\/h4>\n
    KodeinKoders<\/a> \u5f00\u53d1\u7684\u5f00\u6e90\u5e93\uff0c\u4e3a\u5171\u4eab\u5b9e\u4f8b\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u58f0\u660e\u5f0f\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n
    \/\/ Declaring\nfun Application.database() {\n    di {\n        bind {\n            singleton {\n                PostgresConnectionFactory()\n            }\n        }\n    }\n}\n\n\/\/ Resolving\nfun Application.service() {\n    val connectionFactory by closestDI().instance()\n    \/\/ Use the connection factory in our service\n}\n<\/pre>\n
    Koin<\/a><\/h4>\n
    Kotzilla<\/a> \u5f00\u53d1\u7684\u6d41\u884c\u4e14\u5b9e\u7528\u7684\u5f00\u6e90\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u91c7\u7528\u4e86\u76f8\u5f53\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n
    \/\/ Declaring\nfun Application.database() {\n    koinModule {\n        singleOf {\n            PostgresConnectionFactory()\n        }\n    }\n}\n\n\/\/ Resolving\nfun Application.service() {\n    val connectionFactory by inject()\n    \/\/ Use the connection factory in our service\n}\n<\/pre>\n
    \u9664\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u58f0\u660e\u5f0f\u591a\u5e73\u53f0\u5e93\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u51e0\u4e2a\u4f7f\u7528\u6ce8\u89e3\u548c\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u63d2\u4ef6\u6ce8\u5165\u7c7b\u7684\u5e93\uff1a<\/p>\n